{"id":3905,"date":"2024-01-10T08:26:37","date_gmt":"2024-01-10T08:26:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.historial.fr\/3905-2\/"},"modified":"2024-03-06T08:11:38","modified_gmt":"2024-03-06T08:11:38","slug":"3905-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.historial.fr\/en\/resources-2\/the-centre-and-its-actions\/resources\/encyclopaedia-of-the-great-war\/3905-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Part One: The world before 1914 and the outbreak of war"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Part One:
The world before 1914 and the outbreak of war<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00a9 Paper and wax. N\u00b0 inv. : 3 ECO 4.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun – Envelope containing French posters relating to the general mobilisation. The package contains one rarely-preserved item: the envelope which contained these four posters (the general mobilisation was announced on 1st August and came into effect on the 2nd), addressed to the mayor of Villiers-Sur-Chize, in the Deux-S\u00e8vres d\u00e9partement. The envelope is made of opaque, black paper, as if in mourning at the advent of war.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Bronze. N\u00b0 inv. : 1 OBA 1.1. 900 mm x 550 mm x 430mm. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun – La Paix Arm\u00e9e. Winner of a Gold Medal at the Universal Exposition 1900, F\u00e9lix Alfred Desruelles sculpted this peculiarly graceless allegory of \u2018Peace Bearing Arms.\u2019 The complex web of alliances, the arms race and the transformation of the military capacities of the great powers all conspired to put pre-War Europe in a state of \u201carmed peace.\u201d In this piece, danger is kept at bay by a generously-proportioned Marianne figure, solemnly surveying the horizon; in her left hand she firmly grips both an olive branch and the symbolic national sword of France, its point resting on a book. Law and justice? Culture and civilisation?<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Paper. 970 mm x 1170mm. N\u00b0 inv. : 17 MAS 1.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 School poster entitled \u2018Contemporary Civilisation.\u2019 Designed to be hung on the walls of French schools, this poster was the work of Ernest Lavisse, \u201cofficial historian\u201d of the Third Republic. In the central panel, the \u201cexpansion of France\u201d features a sweeping view of the port at Algiers, the pride of \u201cGreater France.\u201d The panel immediately above celebrates Science (in France); below, the improved living conditions of the working classes. To either side, progress in both agriculture and industry. Other panels deal with less tangible advances: universal (male) suffrage and conscription; justice and international arbitration (the Hague Convention of 1899); solidarity (the schools\u2019 mutual fund) and social order (the Arras Convention of 1891 whereby the State, for the first time, imposed arbitration to settle a labour dispute in the coalfields). All in all, this panorama exalts a naive faith in the ideal of progress, typical of Republican liberalism in the pre-War years. And of course, an unshakeable faith in that beacon of \u201ccontemporary civilisation:\u201d France.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Oil on canvas.1010mm x 810mm. N\u00b0inv. : 14 FI 44. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun – L\u2019Alsace-Lorraine after 1870. The Myth of Alsace-Lorraine, a myth of Revenge. This painting by Joseph Aubert was completed in 1919 and is entitled \u2018The Protestors\u2019. It is one half of a diptych whose other panel is entitled \u2018The Liberators\u2019 (the original, formerly on display at the Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e, was destroyed by the Germans in 1940). The painting is a retrospective evocation of the trauma of the \u201cLost Provinces\u201d taken from France (two Germans are here seen leading away Alsace in chains, while Lorraine prays in the background and, in the foreground, a French soldier who bears a suspicious resemblance to Napol\u00e9on III has failed to stop the abduction). Now that the \u201cLost Provinces\u201d had been restored to France following the victory of 1918, it was time to celebrate the Frenchmen who opposed their loss in 1871: here represented by a group of officers among whom we can recognise the likenesses of D\u00e9roul\u00e8de, Faidherbe, Chanzy and Keller, alongside Gambetta, Clemenceau and Freycinet. This cloying, somewhat misleading allegorical scene hammers home the idea that Alsace and Lorraine were never forgotten or abandoned by the motherland.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Lead and card. N\u00b0 inv. : 29 JOJ 1.1 et 4.1. 285 mm x 290 mm x 70 mm \/ 345 mm x 478 mm x 75 mm. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne(Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 Box of toy soldiers representing the conquest of Madagascar and the Russo-Japanese war. Military actions were a popular subject for toys and games \u2013 and thus figured prominently in the imagination of French children \u2013 long before the outbreak of war in 1914. These two boxes of toy soldiers, complete with exotic d\u00e9cors, are testament to this popularity: the first (left) evokes the French conquest of Madagascar, initiated in 1883 then taken up again in 1895, until the island was formally annexed in 1896; the other represents the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, both at sea and on land, in Manchuria. Familiarisation with warlike activities and the derealisation of violence here go hand in hand.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Egg. N\u00b0 inv. : 240 mm x 120 mm. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne(Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 The African Army. The term \u2018African Army\u2019 (French L\u2019arm\u00e9e d\u2019Afrique) was used to refer to all of the French military units stationed in North Africa, including the Zouaves and Spahis featured on this ostrich egg. This item is testament to the military dimension of the \u201cFrench colonial ideal,\u201d with a martial aesthetic comparable to that which prevailed in mainland France. That aesthetic was definitively destroyed by the harsh realities of modern warfare. <\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Painted metal. N\u00b0 inv. : 6 ISC 2.2. 365 mm x 300 mm x 80mm. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre \u2013 P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 German colonial clock – Reichs Colonial Uhr. This item, manufactured in the early years of the twentieth century by the Badische Uhrenfabrik Furtwangen, brings the technique and decorative tradition of the watchmakers of southern Germany to bear on two objects of contemporary fascination: universal time and colonial expansion. A ribbon in the red, white and black of the national flag, presided over by an imperial eagle, bears the legend: \u201cColonial clock of the German Empire.\u201d Along with Central European Time (the abbreviation MEZ on the clockface stands for \u2018Mitteleurop\u00e4ische Zeit\u2019, adopted by the German Empire on 1st April 1893 in application of the recommendations of the International Meridian Conference held in Washington D.C. in 1884), the black and red numerals on the dual clockface give the time in the German colonies (Cameroon, Togo, the Marshall Islands, Samoa etc). The banner running along the top side of the clockface contains a quotation from Kaiser Wilhelm II: \u201cThe Sun never sets on our Empire.\u201d Towards the bottom left is a red flag, planted in some imagined land which is either freshly-conquered or awaiting the arrival of the Germans. The flag bears another imperial slogan: \u201cOur future lies upon the water.\u201d The colourful d\u00e9cor features some classic stereotypes of the colonial imagination: small houses from south-west Africa, mountains perhaps intended to evoke German possessions in east Africa\u2026 The warship shown bottom left hints at the extent to which colonialist expansion and the construction of a powerful navy, initiated in 1898, were popular policies with the German public.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 N\u00b0 inv. : 2 AFU 1.2, 22 VAD 1.2 et 17 VAD 3.2. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne(Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun – Pipe, flag and mug belonging to German reservists. This painted mug was a reminder of its owner\u2019s glory years, his military service, a period which was supposed to shape him as a man and as a citizen. It speaks to a sense of pride and nostalgia for the years spent in uniform, with a particularly prestigious branch of the army: the cavalry. The presence of an eagle \u2013 an old imperial emblem which had been adopted as a national, patriotic symbol \u2013 represents loyalty to the Kaiser, the commander in chief of the army, as well as to the fatherland. Throughout the three years of his military service, the regiment would become an adoptive family to the young recruit, and family metaphors were often employed to describe the bonds formed between fellow soldiers. Further emphasising this point, the names of the entire squadron are given here in alphabetical order. The motto which runs around the rim of the mug expresses pride in belonging to the cavalry, as does the ornate lid with its galloping stallion. Finally, in a slightly more nuanced register, one image shows a horseman bidding farewell to his mount: the cavalryman presses his face against the horse\u2019s, stroking his mane and promising to return to the stables if necessary.\nThe pipe also belonged to an early twentieth century reservist, and contains a singular image-within-the-image which serves to illustrate the militarisation of everyday life: a soldier wearing the famous pickelhaube helmet is shown nonchalantly smoking his pipe as he strides forward bearing a heavy load. The painted porcelain sheath of the pipe, topped with a domed metallic cover, bears the inscription: \u201cStop wriggling! Franzos. and Brit., you should come to Germany.\u201d A French soldier, recognisable by his blue greatcoat and ruby-red trousers, along with a British soldier, are shown trying to struggle their way out of captivity, unable to escape the sturdy grip of the virile German infantryman. The tone is playful, but this everyday object nonetheless alludes directly to the enemy, and thus, implicitly, to the threat which the Germans believed they needed to defend against.\nAnother weapon, and another source of pride, feature on the flask which once belonged to a reservist by the name of Lennier, as specified on this personalised souvenir of his military experience. The image shows a troop advancing at a gallop and towing an artillery gun; the caption proclaims that \u201ceven the most powerful commander would be lost without us \u2013 the goddess of victory doesn\u2019t smile until the cannons start ringing out,\u201d juxtaposing this very modern weapon, which would play a prominent role on all fronts during the Great War, with a classicising reference to ancient divinities. Also worth noting is the continued importance of horses, which feature prominently in this design and played a significant role in artillery units: a 6-gun battery would normally consist of 153 officers and men and 139 horses.\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 N\u00b0 inv. : 9 MED 22.1, 13 MED 1.1, 4 UNF 144.1 et 9 MED 26.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre \u2013 P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 Hat and good-luck charms worn by French conscripts. Series of charms and a hat worn by French conscripts after the recruiting session held each spring in the chief town of each district, with attendance compulsory for all young men who had turned twenty in the preceding year (i.e. those turning twenty in 1912 were summoned to attend in the spring of 1913, and enrolled in October of that year). The Military Act of 1905 had made two years of military service a universal obligation (recruits were no longer selected by drawing lots, as mentioned on the oldest of these ribbons, dated 1883). Although the anxiety attached to this process of recruitment and enrolment had diminished over the course of the 19th century, going before the recruitment board (who would designate between 65 and 75% of young men as being \u201capt for military service\u201d) nonetheless remained an important rite of passage, not least in terms of the prestige it carried with the fairer sex (\u201capt for girls\u201d). Patriotism, masculine initiation and republican pride are all mixed up in this unique propitiatory ritual.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 N\u00b0 inv. : 3 APM 1.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre – P\u00e9ronne(Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 The Franco-Russian alliance. Celebration of the Franco-Russian alliance: a French naval squadron visited Kronstadt in 1891, and a military convention was signed in 1892 to form a defensive alliance. A Russian fleet then docked at Toulon in October 1893, Tsar Nicholas II visited Paris (1896) and French President F\u00e9lix Faure travelled to Saint-Petersburg in 1897. Faure is depicted here, shaking hands with the Tsar. This music box plays both the Marseillaise and the Russian national anthem, demonstrating the enthusiasm generated by an alliance which relieved the diplomatic isolation experienced by France since the defeat of 1870. In Germany, meanwhile, this alliance was regarded with mistrust and concerns of being encircled.<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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\u00a9 Faience. N\u00b0 inv : 1 VAD 113.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre \u2013 P\u00e9ronne (Somme). Photo Yazid Medmoun \u2013 The Boer War (French dish). The Boer War (1899-1902) saw a British expeditionary force of some 300,000 men pitted against the Boer Republics of Transvaal and Orange. Following the annexation of the two states in 1900, the British withstood eighteen months of guerilla combats of the kind immortalised on this French dish, showing the \u2013 exceptionally rare \u2013 involvement of Boer women in the fighting. The British broke this resistance by taking extreme measures against the Boer population as a whole, including internment in concentration camps (where the mortality rate was terrifying) and the systematic devastation of regions which refused to submit. In this respect, the Boer War demonstrates the increasing use of violence against civilian populations in times of war, as well as the potential for the people to rise up and engage in guerrilla warfare: both of which prefigured certain aspects of the First World War.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Part One: The world before 1914 and the outbreak of war \u00a9 Papier et cire. N\u00b0 inv. : 3 ECO 4.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre \u2013 P\u00e9ronne (Somme). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":4579,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3905","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPart One: The world before 1914 and the outbreak of war - Historial de la Grande Guerre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historial.fr\/en\/resources-2\/the-centre-and-its-actions\/resources\/encyclopaedia-of-the-great-war\/3905-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Part One: The world before 1914 and the outbreak of war - Historial de la Grande Guerre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Part One: The world before 1914 and the outbreak of war \u00a9 Papier et cire. 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N\u00b0 inv. : 3 ECO 4.1. Coll. Historial de la Grande Guerre \u2013 P\u00e9ronne (Somme). 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